To evaluate the effects of different treatments on SEED dormancy breaking of Notobasis, two separate experiments were conducted at Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, in 2017 with three replications. The first experiment included nine physical, mechanical and chemical treatments (control, surface scarification, intense scarification, one and two weeks of chilling at 4°C, soaking into hot water for two hours without scarification , soaking in 25°C distilled water for two hours with scarification  and acid treatment for six and 12 minutes) based on completely randomized designs (CRD). The Second experiment was hormone priming arranged as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with gibberellin concentrations (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ppm) and priming duration (12 and 24 hour) as the treatments. The highest SEED GERMINATION (40%) obtained from 12 minutes of acid treatment. Results showed that SEED GERMINATION reached to 100% after priming SEEDs with GA3 concentrations for 12 hours. However, increase the priming durations to 24 hours, significantly declined SEED GERMINATION to 47% in 200 and 400 ppm of GA3 concentrations. The Increase of GA3 concentrations in 12 hours led to a linear reduction of T50 from 31 hours in 200 ppm to 19 hours in 1000 ppm). In 24 hours of priming treatment, T50 followed a Gaussian function and the highest T50 (92 hours) was obtained from 600 ppm. It is recommended to immerse the SEEDs for 12 minutes in sulfuric acid and prime with 400 ppm GA3 acid for 12 hours to break dormancy and increase the vigor index.

Environmental stress, especially drought stress, can play an important role in the reduction of the plant growth stage, specifically during GERMINATION. To explore the GERMINATION mechanism of drought-stressed GERMINATION indices of sugar beet improved by exogenous proline, an experiment was conducted in factorial randomized complete design with four replications in laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Shahrekord in 2016. In this experiment, treatments included five levels of drought treatments (distilled water,-2,-6,-10 and-14 bar) and SEED soaking with Proline (0 (control), 5 and 10 mM. Results indicated that GERMINATION percent, coefficient of velocity of GERMINATION, relative GERMINATION and SEED length and weight vigor index of sugar beet SEEDs significantly decreased under drought stress, while increased mean GERMINATION time and allometry coefficient. Soaking with exogenous proline improved the GERMINATION percent, coefficient of velocity of GERMINATION, relative GERMINATION and SEED length and weight vigor index of sugar beet under drought stress. Moreover, application of 10 mM proline decreased mean GERMINATION time and allometry coefficient 10 and 25% as compared to the control, respectively. In a word, soaking with proline could effectively alleviate the inhibitory effects of drought stress on sugar beet SEED GERMINATION.

In Brazil, morning glory (Ipomoea purpurea L.) is a prominent weed found with sugarcane, maize, and soybean crops, which harms their mechanized harvesting. Its SEEDs germinate asynchronously, making their management difficult, and glyphosate-tolerant biotypes are also observed in the country. Neem (Azadirachta indica L.) is a medicinal plant, and farmers have widely used its oil for alternative pest and disease management. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of neem oil, at different concentrations (85, 65, 45, 25 and 5%), on the GERMINATION of morning glory SEEDs. The experiment was carried out in gerbox, in a completely randomized design, and consisted of the five treatments mentioned and a control (without oil), with four replications, containing 50 SEEDs each. The data obtained were used to calculate the GERMINATION time and index. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, it was observed that neem oil at concentrations of 85, 65 and 45% delayed the GERMINATION of I. purpurea SEEDs by 1.83, 1.28 and 1.42 days, respectively. Regarding the GERMINATION index, it was observed that oil concentrations of 85 and 45% significantly reduced GERMINATION by less than 5 and 6%, respectively. The present study evidences the antagonistic potential of neem oil in relation to morning glory SEEDs, so that it can be used in alternative management programs for this invasive plant, delaying and reducing GERMINATION. Further studies will be carried out to evaluate the effect on SEEDlings.

Introduction: White Astragalus (Astragalus gossypinus Fisherr. ) is one of the valuable plants for producing gum, which is of critical importance in soil conservation and the economy of the country. This plant is propagated by SEED; its SEEDs are in the natural state of dormancy. Therefore, recognizing the factors affecting dormancy and creating optimal conditions for SEED GERMINATION of this plant is necessary for the cultivation and reclamation of rangelands. This study was conducted with the aim of finding the best treatment for breaking the dormancy and improving SEED GERMINATION under various chemical and physical treatments. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design with four replications at the gene bank of cereal and legume Lab of Ilam University, 2017. The factors included two levels of scarification chemical (with and without sulfuric acid (H2SO4) for 10 minutes), three levels of stratification (control, moist chilling at +4 ° C and dry chilling-20 ° C), potassium nitrate in two levels (zero and 1% KNO3) and gibberellic acid in two levels (zero and 5 ppm GA3). GERMINATION indices including GERMINATION percentage, GERMINATION rate, SEEDling and radicle length, SEEDling fresh weight and vigor index were measured. Results: Initial assessment of vital indices in SEED such as GERMINATION and primary growth showed that the simultaneous application of scarification by sulfuric acid and moist chilling at +4 ° C has the most impact on removing dormancy and increasing GERMINATION percentage. The highest GERMINATION rate was observed in moist chilling at +4 ° C, which was 32. 19 percent more than that of the control treatment. Scarification by sulfuric acid reduced the mean GERMINATION time in moist chilling at +4 ° C. Scarification by sulfuric acid increased the fresh weight of the SEEDling by 55. 25 percent, compared with the control. Pre-treatments with potassium nitrate undre control conditions, moist chilling at +4 ° C and dry chilling at-20 ° C increased the fresh weight of SEEDlings, at 52. 66, 30. 94 and 17. 18 percent, respectively. Application of potassium nitrate increased root length by about 60. 7 percent, compared with control. The highest radicle length (78. 71 mm) was obtained when the SEED was treated with sulphuric acid with wet chilling at 4 ° C for two weeks, which was 30 percent higher than control. The highest SEEDling length (84. 88 mm) was obtained in scarification with sulfuric acid, wet chilling, and potassium nitrate and gibberellic acid. The highest SEED vigor index (61. 85 %) was observed in the treatment of scarification with sulfuric acid under moist chilling, and pretreatments of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate. Conclusions: In general, it can be concluded that SEED dormancy of Astraglus gossypinus involves both physical and physiological dormancy. The best treatment for removing the dormancy of this species seems to be scarification with sulfuric acid for 10 minutes puls concentrated stratification in moist chilling at +4 ° C for two weeks.

Salvia verticillata is one of the largest genus of the labiateae family contains nearly 1000 plant species in the world. This plant in the pharmaceutical industry, food and hygiene is a broad application. Factors such as SEED GERMINATION problem and the importance of medicine was caused the study of reason SEED GERMINATION reducing, factors effect on stimulating GERMINATION and propagation through SEED is examined. Therefore, to evaluate the effect of different treatments on SEED GERMINATION medical Salvia species collected in summer 2010 in Arasbaran region in west Azarbayjan province, completely randomized experimental design was done in 4 repeated. The vegetative treatments include: Gibberlic acid 500 ppm in 24, 48 hours, cold stratification 2, 4 week and hot water 70º, 90º and control. The result showed that gibberlik acid 24 hours and stratification 4 week have the most and the least GERMINATION respectively in comparison to control. Since gibberlik acid in breaking dormancy is usually caused by metabolic barriers affect. So it can be said that the salvia verticillata SEED dormancy is mainly caused by metabolic barriers.

In order to determine the effects of Sorbus torminalis SEED origin altitude on the GERMINATION of SEED,  200 SEEDs of  40 individual wild service trees from two origins, namely Ashak ( 2100-2200m a.s.l) and Sangdeh (1700-1800m a.s.l), were planted in plastic flower- vases, in a nursery at 1500 m a.s.l. GERMINATION of SEED, survival and height growth of SEEDlings were recorded during the first year. Analyse is of data showed that, the effect of SEED sourse altitude on SEED GERMINATION was significant (p<0.05). The effect of SEED sourse altitude on SEEDling survival (p<0.05) and the height growth of SEEDlings (p<0.01) was significant too. GERMINATION rate of SEEDs collected from higher altitudes alttitute(Ashak) was higher than the GERMINATION of SEED from lower altitude (Sangdeh). Despite that, the survival and height growth in SEEDlings of SEEDs from lower altitude was more than those in SEEDs collected from higher altitudes. It is therefore suggested to collect SEEDs from the nearest origin to the nursery.